Proofs against the goals of Aritificial Intellegence.

Artificial Intellegence is that branch of Computer Science which seeks
a program to simulate and reproduce rational thought.  Such a goal has
many aspects, which this proof attempts to address:


** Can programs be "creative"?

1. Programs are deterministic.
2. Creative acts are random (undetermined).
C. Therefore programs cannot perform creative acts.


** Can programs create programs?

1. Programs are deterministic.
2. A program (P1) produced by a program (P2) is determined by (P2).
3. A program (P2) produced by a series of programs (P3..Pn) 
   is determined by (Pn).
4. Determined things must have an undetermined determining actor (the source,
   the determiner, or the programmer).
   4b) Undetermined because determinism cannot cause itself.
5. Therefore P1 is determined by the source of Pn.
6. Programs cannot be undetermined. (from above).
7. Therefore a Program cannot be the source of Pn.
   7b) A program cannot be the source of a program directly.
8. Therefore a Program cannot be the source of P1.
   7b) A program cannot be the course of a program indirectly.
C. Programs cannot be the source (programmer) of programs.

Notes:
     Simply speaking, the premise 4b means that determinism cannot
     cause determinism because, if a case could be found, one cold merely
     question the cause of THAT determinism, and if determinism is that
     cause, one could question the cause of that determined thing, and so on..
     :
     A complaint might be that there does not exist an undetermined source. In
     this case one would have to posit behavioralism to account for the
     determined nature of the perceived source of programs (Humanity).  Please
     see this particular proof below to dispel this position.
 


** Can a program think independently?

1. Independent thought requires the thought to originate in the thinker.
2. A program's acts are determined by their source (the programmer).
3. A program's thought is originated in the source, and not the program.
C. Therefore, a program cannot think independently. 

 
In Conclusion: The determined nature of programs is the basic reason why a
program is (by definition) incapable of independent act.  Notice that if
more memory, a bigger database, or faster chips are added, this does not
change the determined nature of programs.  Concurrent or parallel programs
are also determined, and thus these proofs hold up through any technological
advance which does not end the determined nature of programs.



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     For the mentally bored, he's a variation on the A.I. problem:

Theorem: Behavioralism is to be doubted or rejected.
Proof: [by contradiction]

Assume Behavioralism is to be accepted as true, then the following must
also be accepted:

1. The thoughts and actions of mankind are caused by their environment.
   (defining assertion of Behavioralism).
2. Consider the assertion "The thoughts and actions of mankind are caused
   by their environment" written on a piece of paper.
3. Although normally one would say the person and not the paper (or the pencil,
   or the hand, or the arm, etc..) is the originator of the assertion, since 
   the first assertion is accepted, we must say that the environment is the 
   originator of the assertion.
4. If the environment is in turn caused, then there exists a "source" which
   IS the originator of the assertion (the environment's cause). If the 
   environment is uncaused (eternal, as science asserts), then the environment
   itself may be called the source of the assertion. Either way, there exists 
   a source outside of the person which is the originator of the written 
   assertion.
5. Knowledge by the person of the truth or falsity of the assertion would
   in a similar fashion have its origin in the source.
6. Knowledge of the truth of this belief: "the source has caused true
   knowledge concerning the assertion" also has its origin in the source.
7. Independent knowledge of the truth or falsity of the assertion is directly
   and indirectly impossible.
8. Things unknowable are defined as doubted, therefore the truth or falsity
   of the assertion is to be doubted.
9. The assertion in question IS the assertion of Behavioralism, therefore 
   Behavioralism is also to be doubted.
10.This contradicts the original assumption, Behavioralism is to be accepted
   as true.

Conclusion: Behavioralism is to be doubted, or rejected (only acceptance has
 been shown to be contradictory, so simply suspending judgement on it is
 not discounted).